Understanding the Creative Media Sector

Understanding the Creative Media Sector. Task 4 unit 7 Nolan Benson ? Nolan Seth Benson Assignment 4 Unit 7 CONTENTS Page 1&2 †INTRODUCTION Page 3&4 †PRO’S AND CON’S OF FREELANCING Page 5&6 †IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING Page 7&8 †VARIETY OF EMPLOYMENT ROLES Page 9&10 †OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION Page 10&11 †CONCLUSION&BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION When you settle on a cognizant choice to study and work towards something instructively, you need to know precisely what you need and where you need to pursue the course, and what you will pick up from the course.Obviously when you start you have objectives to progress in the direction of, so when everything meets up there is no better inclination. Recognizing what you need is fundamental while picking a lifelong way, so placing in parcels and loads of exploration will resistant advantage you over the long haul. With regards to settling on a choice about your profession way con sistently remember yourself and recollect that you should make a few penances with regards to landing your fantasy position. Our age, the young people of today has been raised in a bogus culture when moment sanction assumes a significant job in our everyday lives. Innovation is continually proceeding onward and up to better things making us, and our reality an increasingly modern spot to live in. With regards to work openings, anything is possible for you. Particularly living in England, we have associations everywhere throughout the world so expanding your perspectives will consistently profit you over the long haul, before the finish of this report we ought to have the option to see precisely what openings and where will come your direction while turning into a communicate journalist.We will consider the sorts of potential positions you could work in when progressing in the direction of your last goal, I mean there is unpleasant in simply getting to the highest point of your field without buckling down in every single diverse territory previously. It’s exceptionally impossible that you will have the option to bounce directly into what you need to do. You should contemplate all the various things you should do and learn so as to secure the aptitudes that you should turn into a top communicate journalist.Starting from the base and advancing toward the top is perfect before the finish of this report we will discover precisely how to begin at the base, make contact’s and association that will eventually help you in getting to the top. We will likewise have a top to bottom investigate all the spots where individuals promote for employments and jobs in the communicate and news coverage fields. We will look online particularly in light of the fact that everything is going computerized, yet we will likewise view what magazines and papers promote for this sector.We will likewise examine the significance of making old buddies and associates in the busine ss that can at last assistance you to lift yourself over the remainder of the opposition and get you to your ultimate objective. The significance of self-improvement isn't just a key factor in the communicate and news coverage parts, yet additionally in life itself. So whenever an open door comes around for you to pick up information and a comprehension of your segment, getting it with two hands is extremely significant. Commit errors as you go, yet ensure you never commit a similar error twice. Additionally effectively looking for workshops or courses that will upgrade your insight is key.So don’t be lethargic, be proactive! PRO’S AND CON’S OF FREELANCING PRO’S One of the stars of outsourcing in the media business is the way that your working hours can be extremely adaptable, this adaptability is incredible in light of the fact that it frequently implies that you get the opportunity to pick what hours you work, particularly when telecommuting. This chops down the time and cash you spend driving to and from work each day. Regularly when you get independent work in the media business it’s got the chance to be in on a specific cutoff time, this gives you the alternative to deal with your time the manner in which you need to go through it.If you're an evening person, you can go through your day chipping away at different activities, side interests or just getting a charge out of the ‘free time', with nights spent working. On the other hand, in the event that you wish to pack in loads of work into a 3-day week, it's your right as long as you fulfill your time constraint and convey quality work. Notwithstanding on the off chance that you find that you aren’t truly propelled when you are at home and can’t discover an opportunity to place in quality work under your own frameworks, at that point you truly need to perceive and acknowledge on the grounds that turning in work of a low quality will just stain your nam e and your reputation.If you figure out how to turn into a set up media consultant individuals will believe you with work they need done. Getting to this point will take a long time of difficult work and devotion however once you are built up you will never end up without something to do. Because of turning out to be set up you get the opportunity to pick precisely what work you need to do as such on the off chance that you especially appreciate doing one part of film for instance, you might be sufficiently fortunate to gain a consistent pay simply doing that. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you get exhausted there is consistently a chance to do some other mode of work.CON’S As a consultant, particularly on the off chance that you are still cutting-edge and not set up and notable, your work and pay for the month may not generally be ensured. One significant thought you need to take in as a consultant is climate you’ll have the option to tie down enough work t o meet your budgetary needs. You may find that you should develop an arrangement of demographic, or on the off chance that you are contracting yourself out to media organizations there could well be droughts when you don’t have work coming in and when you are searching for new work to go into.So in the event that you are thinking about outsourcing, at that point it would be a smart thought to either take on some low maintenance work while you assemble your arrangement of customer base, or you could spare a tad from each activity as an alternate course of action for when the work turns out to be scant. You ought to likewise resistant keep yourself on top of it with regards to the world you are living in, downturns and financial log jam can hit specialists and temporary workers actually seriously. As a specialist, except if you have your own bookkeeper, you’ll need to deal with your own accounting obligations and expense affairs.Weather you’ve set yourself up as a sole dealer or a constrained organization, you’ll should be modern and exact with regards to your duty issues since you could be reviewed at some random time. Ace/CON You work for yourself! Turning into your own manager rebelliously has its in addition to sides. For instance, in the event that you decide to take seven days off on vacation, you don’t need to ask any other person. There is no set beginning time for you to get the opportunity to work, and there is no clock watching, sitting tight for the day's end to show up. You and just you receive the benefits and acclaim for your work, and you don’t need to impart the benefits to anyone else.However, having no manager to ensure you are working can likewise have its drawbacks. For one, you will be subject for your notoriety and any issues that emerge. Your notoriety, when gouged, may set aside a long effort to recoup in the event that you have arranged widely. There will be nobody to share the heap when difficu lt situations arise, and you should manage every one of your customers and their issues without anyone else. All things considered, the entirety of the above are speculative situations, and the odds are that on the off chance that you are committed, enthusiastic, propelled and reliable, at that point you will have the option to make an achievement of yourself and your vocation while outsourcing in the industry.IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING Why is organizing so significant inside the business? Wrong systems administration could mean fiasco with regards to attempting to advance in your picked profession. Systems administration done inappropriately could discolor your name and your notoriety inside the business. In any case, done appropriately it is a key that will open numerous entryways on the way towards making a very much regarded name for yourself in the business. I’m going to give you five focuses on why systems administration and meeting new individuals is vital to advancing i n your picked profession way. 1.Networking is an extremely fruitful approach to meet contacts that you would recently had no chance to get of meeting or reaching. Meeting an imminent customer up close and personal at a systems administration occasion or meeting is by a long shot the best and generally dependable and effective approach to repairing a conference with that individual. On the off chance that a physical and individual relationship is set up before you get the telephone or swop business cards and data †your odds of doing effective business along with that individual likely significantly increased at that point on the off chance that you had quite recently cold pitched them. 2. Remember that everybody you connect with has another person that they know.Although your prompt gathering is critical, everybody that they know is also. Your referral circle is broadened extraordinarily by joining a gathering of systems administration contacts. 3. On the off chance that you wor k admirably for your client and that said client chooses to suggest and allude you and your administrations to four of their associates, loved ones that’s incredible. In any case if you’re part of a major systems administration bunch that meets once per month, and just ten-twenty individuals enlighten someone they know regarding you and your business as of now your presentation has dramatically increased. This is incredible in light of the fact that this gets more individuals mindful and discussing you and what you can offer.By developing the correct system, a definitive in â€Å"Word of mouth† advertising happens. You advance your system, and your system at last advances you. 4. It’s like having your own supervisory group on reserve. Organizations should be set up for a wide range of consequences, particularly in a downturn. Shockingly in an intense financial atmosphere anything can occur and as opposed to depending on individuals and business that you d on’t know in difficult situations †on the off chance that you arrange deliberately, at that point you ought to have a chosen gathering of individuals readily available that you can call upon, if an

Candia Milk: Expansion Strategy and SWOT

Candia Milk: Expansion Strategy and SWOT CDL (Chaudhry Dairy Limited) is one of the respectable and eminent organizations in Pakistan. CDL was built up in 1984 as a private restricted organization. The organization concocted its first item Haleeb Milkâ' and kept on growing its product offering. In 1988, CDL presented Haleeb Creamâ' which was propelled straightforwardly for purchaser showcase as well as provided to many frozen yogurt plants where it was utilized as a center fixing. The organization has its administrative center in Lahore and a plant found 65-km from Lahore in BhaiPheru. The plant is furnished with most recent gear and innovation, particular laborers researchers and experts who guarantee quality at each degree of creation process. Chaudhry Dairies constrained is one of the individuals who have entered the dairy business of Pakistan and have presented genuine dangers to settled firms like Nestle. The name of Chaudhry Dairies constrained was changed to Haleeb Foods Limited with impact from February, 2004. Candia is a result of CDL, which was propelled in 1999. Candia is a French brand and it is prepared and stuffed under and authorized in CDL. Candia as of now is an extremely mainstream brand in Europe and other 52 nations. Presently it is additionally accessible in Pakistans significant urban areas under CDL conveyance channels. CDL contributed around 200 million rupees to jump start Candia in Pakistan out of which 10 to 15 million were spent on its notices as it was propelled right on time during the World Cup of 1999. Candia is Europes Number One selling milk. CDL Foods Limited and Candia of France have held hands to bring the individuals most excellent milk. Without precedent for Pakistan, CDL Foods Limited has presented milk stuffed in food grade plastic containers. These jugs are made from imported materials at CDL Foods most recent plant. They guarantee longer time span of usability, highest caliber and capacity easily of utilization. SWOT Analysis Qualities The Major quality of Candia is simply the item in light of the fact that there is no other item with such uniqueness in the market. Thickness: It is more caramelized milk in its inclination. Accommodation: It is in a jug shape so it is simpler to open. Simply take the cover off and pour milk. Shortcomings Their item is disregarding female taste; Mostly, Men use to drink thick milk when contrasted with Women. The shade of the milk was yellowish consequently making the customers hesitant to purchase. There is no running advancement. Just Niche markets focused to serve any semblance of N.W.F.P and Punjab. Music assumes an imperative job in promoting of any item. As indicated by one research in 70% advertisements, it is music, which pulls in the consideration of crowd. The promotions for Candia didn't have any music or song in them. Openings Enormous Market is there in light of the fact that 77% of the piece of the overall industry is yet to be caught. Dangers Haleeb bottle milk is its greatest danger since there will be a tearing apart circumstance in the market. Tetra Pack is the greatest danger for CANDIA on the grounds that it is the main packaged common item in Pakistan. Reasons Why Candia Milk Failed In Pakistan As indicated by examine, it was seen that there are zones of shortcomings in the market endeavors of Candia. Candia has not demonstrated the outcome which was anticipated from it.It propelled the entire ad cost at the outset and it just paid in for the initial three months. From that point forward, the offer of Candia milk has been falling and it is driving the organization to eliminate its limited time costs. Following are the main considerations of its disappointment: POOR ADVERTISING AND MARKETING CAMPAIGN Candia milk neglected to do an appropriate promotion and advertising effort. There was not really any on air notice and no other vehicle for ad was utilized not to mention promoting. Shading AND TASTE The significant traits that Candia needs are shading and taste of the milk. The shading isn't simply white because of which individuals start to imagine that the milk isn't unadulterated and sterile. AGE GROUP Candia doesn't cover all periods of gathering. It neglects to cover all age gatherings. It focuses on the age gathering of 6-12. Individuals over this age boundary; Youth and old individuals, they are not focused on. The youngsters matured 20-34 have a high buying power. Notwithstanding, they don't incline toward Candia or some other bundled drain and lean toward new milk. Valuing Another zone of shortcoming is the valuing system utilized for Candia. Its cost was higher than different brands accessible in Pakistan. This didn't permit Candia to infiltrate the market viably. Bundling Bundling is the most significant factor adding to terrible taste and shading of the milk. Despite the fact that it has a USP bundling yet whenever uncovered in the daylight, the milk is stained. Marking The name Candia was moderately obscure to the individuals of Pakistan and many idea it was a treats or something of that sort. They were and still not mindful of the first Candia, which was so famous in Europe and other 52 nations around the globe. The brand has kind of milks as opposed to downright milk. Profundity Another significant explanation behind the disappointment of Candia is that the organization has not had the option to expand the profundity of their item since propelling its flavors, hues, sizes, and generally assortment. These advancements are vital tocreate a decent picture of the brand in the brain of the buyer. Impetuses No impetus or limits are offered to the shoppers. No mass limits are given either. The contenders be that as it may, follow this training. CDL is additionally not giving profound coolers and ice chests to huge retail outlets and departmental stores of Candia. Because of this, there are numerous territories where Candia milk isn't performing great, particularly in regions of their objective markets. Candia milk focuses on the high-pay individual living in pushing territories, which has significantly decreased its deal. Research Material The idea of bundled milk has become in the course of the most recent decade and is getting progressively well known. The survey that we coasted adamants this as 62% of the individuals said they devoured bundled milk though 38% didn't. One of the fundamental explanations behind the expanded pattern, as portrayed by our poll was the people groups worry for cleanliness. A huge rate, about 46% of the individuals said they devoured bundled milk since they thought it was significantly more sterile. About 20% should for it dependent on its comfort, 15% according to the proposal of their family/companions and 18% on account of its more drawn out time span of usability. As per our poll, 40% of the individuals accept that they consider costly milk brands to delude and don't satisfy their quality basis. 23% saw such a brand to be of more excellent, 29% were uninterested and an irrelevant 8% figured they would consider it to be focusing on a particular market portion. About 36% of the individuals said that a tune or a jingle could without any help be the most significant factor in making them notice or review a promotion. 16% said that the subject of the promotion would be that significant factor, though the term, recurrence, and endorser scored 20%, 18%, and 10% individually. 5. According to the details that we got from our survey, 49% of the individuals accept that the shade of the milk itself influences their purchasing choice. Though 38% can't help contradicting this and a simple 13% were not especially sure on both of thee. After soliciting, what kind of bundling did the purchasers wanted to purchase the milk in, to half; 54% of the individuals said they favored it in a jug. The staying supported something else, which means they favored the bundling to be either in a pocket or a tetra pack. The rates were 16% and 30% separately. A high level of the buyers, 35%, task the decent variety in flavors offered in a milk brand to influence their purchasing propensities for devouring a specific milk brand. Though 26% said that, the snappiness of the ads itself expands their odds of picking milk brand. Aside from that, a generally comparative measure of customers were influenced by the prominence, type and valuing of the milk brand. The vehicle of promotion that the shoppers thought snared them the most once more, had pretty much similar rates. Nonetheless, 39% of the individuals said that, it was one mode of advancement as well as it was rather the amalgamation of every one of these methods together, the consolidated notice through every one of these mediums that grabbed their eye the most. The mediums being Television, Magazines, Radio, Social media and Signboards. As per the information that we assembled from the survey, Candia as a milk brand is seen/reviewed by 39% of the individuals as a brand that was not advanced a great deal not to mention profoundly publicized. About 15% of the individuals recall it as being profoundly estimated, 13% as mainstream, 15% as focusing on an objective market, and 18% as a brand granting high caliber. 10. A genuinely high measure of the individuals prescribed that Candia should utilize a considerably more infectious subject, alongside a pleasant jingle, something that taps the brains of the individuals and remains in their minds. They additionally recommended that Candia ought to publicize its image considerably more than it as of now does with the goal that the individuals are increasingly mindful of the brand. Aside from that, they anticipated the chance of accomplishment of Candia on the off chance that they focused on not simply the adolescents or a particular objective market however a mass market. Changing Consumers Perception Purchasers go over numerous items every day except don't generally recollect them all. The ones they review are typically the ones they have encountered or simply the ones they are uncovered to.There are a few items to which they get uncovered so that the memory of that item remains with them. Such items have traits like conspicuous bundling or something bizarre. Other such factors incorporate the manner in which the item is advanced, how it is publicized, and who embraces it. The medium utilized for publicizing has a significant influence in the learning and memory of a purchaser concerning a specific item. The recurrence of a TV advertisement may be in excess of a print promotion or an announcement a

Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Correspondence - Assignment Example The quality methods capacity to scatter data in a manner that is suitable for the crowd and graphical outline is a model. I can exceed expectations in manual advancement of charts through concealing however need aptitudes for programming applications. The quality methods affectability to attributes of the crowd for a fitting crowd and social affectability is a model. I do exceed expectations in comprehension people’s conduct yet I can't acquire culture. A more extensive collaboration with individuals from various societies can assist me with enhancing this. This implies drawing in pertinent gatherings, with a noteworthy degree of affectability to their security, by scattering to them data that is important to their extent of obligations. A case of the quality is the capacity to choose proper method of correspondence. I am acceptable distinguishing delicate data about partners however I sometimes flop in recognizing a medium that can protect

Oppressed Women In Handmaids Tale - Free Essay Example

Handmaids Tale written by Margaret Atwood shows us unique aspects about the women who live in Gilead, the two different types of women in which Atwood mentions are   unique, which are   the Handmaids and the Marthas. These two different groups of women are not allowed to read because Gilead imposes a illiteracy on the female population. Both removal of language and prescription of phrases are similar to newspeak in 1984 and the hypnopedia teachings in Brave New World.   The women of Gilead have unique aspects about themselves especially the Handmaids.They are not allowed to read books, and by doing so this gives them a benefit of not rebelling against the commander and even the government, another way this gives the Handmaids a benefit of not being able to read is that they can be told what to do and they will do it.   less talking and learning and more working.A quote from this would be :   Blessed be the fruitMay the lord open. ( Atwood, 19) this quote right here is from the bible and it is saying that the handmaids are there just to make babies, whatever condition the handmaids are in the commander and his wife would not care but all they want is a healthy baby, and in the quote the fruit is symbolising the fetus and they want god to bless them.   The novel also mentions prescription of phrases, they are allowed to mention and listen to certain phrases such as   May the lord open (Atwood,19). Once in awhile they have meetings; and during these meetings they read certain passages from the bible about   Rachel and Leah and they just tell them that reproduction is very important. The people of Gilead are oppressed from reading and writing, but they have also been limited to where and what they could talk about:   Washroom, I said. Watch the clock. End stall, two-thirty. ( Atwood, 71) this shows us the reader that they are always being watched and only talk about certain things, this may be because they are being brainwashed into thinking this is what they are made for and nothing else, and in this quote we know that Offred and Moira have to sneak into the bathroom and talk about whatever they want.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the dystopian society in the Handmaids Tale they suffer from many types of suppression and one of them is the freedom of reading and writing, the lock and key is something that only the commander can touch because the the books are always locked in his office and you have to have a key to open this, and in this society the handmaids are oppressed and can not have nice things:   On the fourth evening he gave me the hand lotion, in an unlabeled plastic bottle. (Atwood, 157) this shows the reader that she is not used to having   basic nice things such as hand lotion.   the Handmaids are just essentially just a womb with legs, the women of Gilead are oppressed because the men of the society think they are submissive and they need to be put into their place and this is why there are caste systems for the women population, since each woman is separated they can not do much and this gives the men in the society some type of   peace, another reason why there is illiteracy on the f emale population is because the men want to be on top and show dominance.

Individuals That Misuse Animals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 618 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Lord of The Flies Essay Did you like this example? Individuals that misuse animals often convey their acts onto abusing people. Cruelty is defined as pleasure in causing torment. In the novel Lord of the Flies, cruelty is revealed from lack of civilization amongst the boys. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Individuals That Misuse Animals" essay for you Create order Golding stated the overall theme of the novel as an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature. The moral is that the shape of a society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual and not on any political system however apparently logical or respectable. Increasing acts of cruelty in the novel reflect the boys inner evil overtime. One incident where an act of cruelty was shown took place in chapter 4 when Jack and the hunters killed a pig. At first, Jack didnt have the boldness to hunt down a pig, and he failed at it the first time in chapter 2. However, when he finally hunted down the pig, he became so fixated with the sentiment of killing that he felt the urge to repeat it again. Jacks exact words were Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood (Golding 145). He felt a sense of power once he painted his face as a sort of camouflage. Later on, his camouflage implies something other than a disguise, it gives him a chance to conceal himself from the other boys too. Jack and Roger got joy from this slaughtering. This binds back to the topic since it gives additional proof to how the boys are moving away from human progress and more onto their own particular manner of living openly. This mercilessness uncovers Jack as a savage and having certain qualities of a dictator. Another incident where an act of cruelty was shown took place in chapter 8 when the boys killed the mother pig in a horrific way. In this scene, Golding presents striking character headway for Jack and Roger, advances the topic, and foretells a later occasion. As a matter of fact,this scene showed a clear example of the boys beginning to receive pleasure from brutally killing. The boys get wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase while chasing the wounded sow (Golding 297). The sow alludes to a female pig that was a mother to child pigs. The depiction of the manner in which the sow was murdered appeared to be more brutal than butcher, it was assault. The main boy that didnt make part in this move was Simon. Unexpectedly, the most terrible occurrence that happens later on in the novel happens to Simon, the one boy that didnt participate in this explicit activity. This cold-bloodedness uncovers Jack as a sickening kid with uncontrolled brutality. The last demonstration of pitilessness was the most horrendous, occurring in part 9. This is the scene that was foreshadowed from the horrendous killing of the sow, aside from this time the killing was toward one of their own, Simon. His death happened as a result of a wild desire to execute, horrible planning, and confused personality. One shocking quote that stood out to me was Simons dead body moved out toward the open sea (Golding 341). This uncovers the pitilessness in Jack explicitly on the grounds that it never entered his thoughts that he really murdered Simon in a butchering way until the point that his body was seen streaming out away from any confining influence ocean. At last, murdering pigs prompts the thirst of executing a human. The young men are roused by excite than by logic. The way that these demonstrations of pitilessness are being displayed by kids adds to the awfulness of its world. As George Bernard Shaw once said, Mans inhumanity to man is only surpassed by his cruelty to animals.

Western Civilization Essays - 991 Words

Western Civilization from 1589 to 1914 had many specific changes that contributed to the structure of the western world before World War I. In the absolutism state sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler. Kings were absolute kings and were resposible to no none except god. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries absolute rulers had to respect the fundamental laws of their land. They had to control competing jurisdictions, institutions or groups that were interested in their territory. They regulated religious sects. France of Louis was the classic model of absolutism. Louis XIV, quot; the sun king,quot; was a devoted Catholic who believed that god had estalblished kings as rulers on the earth. The French language and†¦show more content†¦They believed that around the earth were ten circular spheres and that beyond the spheres was heaven. Science in this period was primarily a branch of theology. Galileo contributed greatly to the world of science. He discovere d the laws of motion using the experimental method. He also used the experimental method to astronomy, using the newly invented telescope. Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for heresy in 1633 and forced to recant his views. The scientific revolution caused the Medieval Universities to provide frame world for new science. The renaissance stimulated by science rediscovering ancient mathematics and supporting scientific investigations. The scientific community’s primary goal was to expand knowledge. Because the link between pure science and applied technology was weak, the scientific revolution had little effect on daily life before the 19th century. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Enlightenment also had its benefits to the western world. The Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas and was the link between the scientific revolution and a new world view. 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These principles were formally established relatively early in the western world, and became the foundations upon which later government institutions created their legal systems

Transgender Americans The Fight For Equality Essay Example For Students

Transgender Americans : The Fight For Equality Essay For transgender Americans, the fight for equality is not over. While the recent changes in laws affecting LGBT individuals have done a great deal to improve the situation, the fact remains that a portion of the population is still denied the most basic of human rights. Something as simple as using the bathroom has become the new battleground for civil rights, as many states attempt to pass laws that restrict bathroom usage to the gender on someone’s birth certificate. While the number of transgender Americans seems small at an estimated 0.3 percent, this is still a significant number of people who are unable to feel comfortable using a public bathroom (Wong). Not only is avoiding the bathroom a health risk, forcing transgender Americans to use the bathroom of the biological gender has led to verbal harassment and physical violence. Transgender Americans should be allowed to use the restroom of the gender they identify with. The number of anti-transgender bills has been increasing, and is higher now in 2015 than any other year. This wave of legislation seems to be in response to the advances made in state non-discrimination policies that protect transgender people (Daileda). The opposition has proposed many bills that are unfair to transgender people:So-called â€Å"bathroom bills† introduced by social conservatives†¦typically mandate that people use the bathroom that matches the sex on their birth certificate. That’s a marker that is difficult for most transgender people to change, as well as one that, for them, is a bureaucratic indicator decided by someone else that should not be weighed against their innate sense of self. (Steinmetz)Some examples of proposed bills include the one created by Rep. Frank Arties in Florida, which wo. .room avoidance has led to health problems, and the UCLA School of Law conducted a think tank to study them. They found that more than half of the transgender people surveyed reported physical problems from trying to avoid the public restrooms. This included dehydration and kidney problems (Wong). For transgender Americans, something as simple as using the restroom has turned into a legal battle. The opposition’s concern that allowing transgender people to use the bathroom of the gender they identify with will led to an increase of violence against women and children is unfounded and nothing but propaganda. Transgender Americans should be allowed access to a safe environment where they are comfortable, just like all other Americans. The battle of equality will not be over until transgender Americans are allowed to use the restroom of the gender they identify with.

Mc Donalds and Burger King free essay sample

His seemingly endless enthusiasm and constant support helped me thru-out my program at Kent State University. I thank my other committee members Dr. Shawn Banasick and Dr. Chuanrong Zhang for their valuable comments and suggestions. I thank Dr. Milton Harvey and Mrs. Mary Lou Church for their affection and concerns. I am grateful to them and all my friends at McGilvrey Hall, for being the surrogate family during my years at Kent and their continued moral support thereafter. I thank Dr. MunroStasiuk, Dr. Schmidlin, Dr. Sheridan, Dr. Kaplan, Dr. Haley, Dr. Dymon, Dr. Bhardwaj and other faculty members in the Department of Geography for making the atmosphere in the department stimulating for research and academics. The Kent State University Library staffs are acknowledged for their efficiency and availability. A particular thanks to Edith Scarletto, Head of the Map Library, who helped me, gather the initial data required for the research. I would like to thank my friend Sathy for his help in formatting the entire text. We will write a custom essay sample on Mc Donalds and Burger King or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am forever indebted to my family, for their blessings and love and who have supported and encouraged me to do my best in all matters of life. Particular thanks, to my husband, Harsha, for his tireless support, love and affection and without whom I would have struggled to find the inspiration and motivation needed to complete this thesis. ix Last but not the least, I dedicate my thesis to my Grandmother â€Å"Jhaiji† who’s Blessings and loving support has encouraged me throughout my academic career and life. Sadly, Jhaiji left for her heavenly abode just a few days before the thesis was submitted. x Chapter 1 Introduction There has been a growing interest among the academia and the private sector for the use of GIS techniques in the analysis and planning of retail store network. Almost without exceptions, various retail organizations need to plan for complex consumer markets and keep up with competitions. Over the past few decades the methodologies used for research of sighting of retail outlets have become more sophisticated as a result of applicable modeling procedures being developed with GIS. This study conducts a retail location analysis of the relationship between the fast-food store performance of McDonald’s and Burger King and the various spatial and socio-economic factors of their respective catchment areas. Analytical procedures in GIS and statistical techniques have been applied to carry out the analysis in this study. In particular, study areas have been partitioned into a set of Thiessen polygons and into various spatial configurations using variable buffer polygons to emulate various spatial configurations of catchment areas (i. e. , trade areas) associated with each fast food store. The socio-economic profiles in the partitioned polygons have been analyzed with a series of regression models. The result of the study brought out a better understanding of how location factors influence the performance of 1 2 the stores as well as how the socio-economic attributes of the catchment areas affect the store revenues. 1. 1 Research Objectives: The main objective of this retail location analysis is to develop and apply methodology for analyzing the relationship between fast food store performance and the various socio-economic and demographic factors with various spatial configurations of their catchment areas in Portage and Summit Counties. The traditional role of GIS in retail demand-and-supply analysis has been to analyze market characteristics such as consumer demand, geodemographics, traffic flow, competitor locations, etc. and to search for an optimal location for a new retail outlet or to close retail outlets in over crowded markets. Knowing the geographical distributions of retail demand and supply is important in conducting marketing analysis using GIS analytical tools. GIS can overlay different data sets onto one another in an integrated environment. GIS analytical tools have been widely applied for exploring the relationships between demand and supply in many types of business practices, including operations of fast food restaurants. However, perhaps due to relatively low real estate costs and flexible rentals or perhaps due to the all too often time lag in adopting newly emerging technology, many retailers do not make use of sophisticated location analysis methods that are now available. Many a times, retailers follow the location decisions previously made by anchor retailers. The choice of a store location has a profound effect on the entire business of a retail operation. For picking an optimal store-site, it is necessary to utilize data of the demographics of that area (income, family size, age, ethnic composition, etc of the population), traffic patterns, and similar kind of retail outlets or competition in the area. These factors are basic to all retail location analysis. GIS tools can help to find the right site along wit h market penetration, market share and trade areas by combining aerial photos/maps, competitors’ locations, geodemographic factors, customer surveys and census data. GIS market analysis tools can also help to determine whether the products match the lifestyle and buying patterns of the customers. In this study- Retail Location Analysis: A Case Study of Burger King McDonald’s in Portage Summit Counties, Ohio, an analysis of catchment areas of the analyzed restaurants has been done using a series of regression models to analyze socio-economic and demographic factors in various spatial configurations of the study area. The study area has been partitioned to a set of Thiessen Polygons and also to sets of spatial configurations by using different buffering zones surrounding the retail outlets to create different proximity polygons for further analysis. Thiessen polygons define individual areas of influence around each service center, or in this case each fast food restaurant, in a set of points/locations of fast food outlets geocoded in such a way that any locations within a Thiessen polygon are closer to the polygon’s centroid (the retail outlet used to make up the polygon) than to any other retail outlet. Buffer polygons have been constructed around the fast food locations 4 based on various assumptions of how far the distances consumers may be willing to travel to receive fast food services. With the various spatial configurations of Thiessen polygons and buffer polygons as defined by the locations of retail outlets, regression models have been constructed to examine the importance of a set of selected socio-economic and geodemographic factors. The different regression models that use different independent variables as structured by both the Thiessen polygons and Buffer polygons have been done to see how well or poorly either of the two approaches capture the variations in the sales volumes of fast food stores. In today’s world of highly competitive market environment, it has become imperative that retailers must make use of spatial analytical technology to acquire new clientele, retain the existing/current customers, to enable market expansion, and to stay abreast with changing consumer tastes and requirements. Advances in GIS technology reiterates the fact that the future success of retail, real estate and restaurants will be determined to get a great extend by using this smart technology. 1. 2 Summary: Many successful businesses in the United States make use of GIS software to integrate, view and analyze data using geography. Use of GIS techniques enables retailers to understand and visualize spatial relationships and improves productivity and effectiveness of the business processes. The use of multiple regressions modeling in this study has been done to identify how the ethnic composition of population and median 5 household income in the service areas of Burger King and McDonald’s restaurants interact with one another to produce a specific sales outcome. Chapter 2 Problem Statements Retail location analysis is an important part in site selection of a retail store. â€Å"A trade area of a retail store is the geographical area from which it draws most of its customers and within which its market penetration is the highest†(Ghosh and McLafferty, 1987). Retail location analysis also helps to determine the focus areas for marketing promotional activities, highlights geographic weaknesses in the customer base and projecting future growth and expansion of the retail services (Berman and Evans, 2001). 2. 1 Size and Shape of the Retail Trade Area: The size of the retail trade area often depends on the nature of goods and services rendered at the retail outlets, along with the geographical distribution of other competing retail outlets. For instance, fast food restaurants like Burger King and McDonald’s sell goods and services that are popular, easily substituted and affordable by the majority of consumers create a smaller retail trade zone as compared to a specialty restaurant. Usually, retail trade zones are not geometrically regular, i. e. , a circle, a square or a polygon. Rather, the shape of the trade zone is based on road networks, geology and topography of the area, land use of the neighboring areas, etc. 6 7 When examining the way customers travel to make retail purchases, it is always necessary to take into consideration the distance that a customer has to travel. The distances that customers may be willing to travel are different, depending upon the type of object to be purchased. The number of trips undertaken by consumers and the travel time will be different based on specialty or commodity product (Salvaneschi, 1996). For purchasing a specialty product, which is generally expensive, unique or long lasting, the consumer is willing to travel over a longer distance. This tends to expand the trading area of that good or service. On the other hand, to purchase everyday supplies or common items consumers often prefer convenience, as the trips for such goods are frequent, distances are short and travel time is brief. For instance, people typically will not drive to another town for fast food, unless they are on way to or back from other destinations. According to consumer behavior studies the time availability of consumers is an important variable in the convenience and fast food market. Therefore, it should be an important part of market strategy (Darian and Cohen, 1995). In this thesis research, the study area is partitioned into polygons representing trade areas for further analysis. Several different approaches to creating trade areas are used. These include trade areas defined as buffer polygons surrounding fast food restaurants with widths of 1, 2 and 5 miles. In addition, partitioning the study area into a set of collectively inclusive but mutually exclusive Thiessen polygons with the restaurants as polygon centroid also generates trade areas. Generating buffers around features is a commonly used analytical procedure in GIS. Most buffering methods create simple-distance bound geometric buffers around the 8 features. Buffers surrounding retail outlets(or other service-rendering establishments) are also known as service areas, hinterlands or market areas and have useful in many geographical applications (Shaw, 1991; Sierra et al. , 1999; Van Wee et al. , 2001). A buffer delineates the area within a specified distance of a feature. It can be created from points, lines or polygons. The output buffers may be lines or polygons depending upon the features and their distance are specified in map units (Price, 2004). Concentric buffers represent the delineation of multiple levels of proximity. For example, different distances of 1 mile, 2 miles and 5 miles from the store can be used to generate buffer polygons around retail outlets. This type of concentric buffers may reveal patterns of market penetration in which the inner buffers often account for the largest proportion of customers while the density of customers decreases as one moves away from the outlet to the subsequent buffers. This distance-decay effect reflects the impact of geographic accessibility on store patronage. The actual size of the trade area for each store varies, depending on the location of the store. The sharper the distancedecay effect, the smaller would be the trade area for each of the fast food store. For this study a regression models are applied that relates sales outcomes (dependent variable) to many factors such as ethnic composition and median household income (independent variable) of population in the retail trade zones of the Burger King and McDonald’s in Portage and Summit Counties. These regression models show that Burger King’s annual sales are better explained by the included independent variables for buffers with widths of 1 and 2 miles than those of McDonald’s sales by the same set of variables. For a 5-mile buffer and Thiessen polygons, sales are better explained for 9 McDonald’s. Ethnic population and median household income for buffer polygons of 1 and 2 miles around the restaurants better explain annual sales for Burger King and polygons of 5-miles for McDonald’s. 2. Summary: Retail location analysis helps in site selection for a business outlet and in determining the performance of retail outlets in the trade area of the store. The trade area of the store reflects the socio-demographic characteristics of the clientele and is thus useful in determining the marketing strategies. The size and the shape of a retail trade area are determined by the nature of goods and services offered. Since fast food restaurants sell goods that can be easily substituted, majority of consumers form a small retail trade area. Ethnic composition of population and the median household income within the buffer polygons constructed around the fast food restaurants indicate how much time and distance consumers drive or travel to patronize these restaurants. Chapter 3 Literature Review During the past three decades, several important advancements have taken place in spatial-data analysis, data storage, retrieval and mapping. Geographic Information Systems have been very useful in tackling spatial analytic approaches and in forming an interface with the field of location science (Church, 2002). Several studies give an overview of the major impacts of GIS on works done in the field of location science in terms of model application, development and various methods that can be used for landuse suitability modeling (Malczewski, 2004). For example: GIS is now the most widely used software for analyzing, visualizing and mapping spatial data such as retail location analysis, transport networks, land-use patterns and census track data. Since GIS can be used to assemble large volumes of data from various sources with different map scales and in different coordinate systems, it is considered an important tool in location analysis. GIS can combine and simultaneously use several databases by transforming them into a common set of database (Pettit and Pullar, 1999). However, the use of GIS in location analysis involves the aspect of accuracy of representing real world situations in a GIS database. The notion of accuracy is the representation of geographical objects and representing socio-economic, cultural and political elements of the environment within which location analysis is done (Church, 2002). Not only is GIS used 10 11 as the source of input data for a location model, it has also been used as a means to present model results (Malczewski, 2004). . 1 GIS for Business and Service Sector Planning: The growing consumer orientation in business and service planning along with advances in GIS and spatial analysis techniques, have led to the promotion of the use of GIS in the area of business and service planning (Longley and Clark, 1995). Several books and articles assess the use of GIS for supporting business a nd service planning at the level of tactical and strategic decision-making (for example: Davies and Clarke, 1994; Benoit and Clarke, 1997; Clarke, 1998; Birkin, et al. , 2002). These studies aim to further explore and promote the use of GIS in the area of business and service planning by demonstrating the benefits of both methodological advances and evidence of benefits in GIS applications and spatial models in GIS. Business planning requires a critical review of geodemographic features and paying attention to requirements posed by endusers (Longley and Clark, 1995). By linking GIS and spatial analysis software, proprietary GIS can be applied to solving problems in several applications like retail location analysis, localized marketing, etc. This involves the integration of spatial models and GIS customized to the specific information needs of retail organizations for specific localities. Thus spatial modeling is used in the explanation and prediction of interaction between demand and supply for retail facilities and the search for suitable locations for retail outlets in an area. The major theme of these studies is the evolution of GIS towards a more flexible 12 and powerful spatial decision support system (DSS) or intelligent GIS (IGIS), applied in several service sectors, including retailing, financial services and health care. Marketing information systems (MKIS) are decision support systems targeted at marketingspecific decisions (Birkin, Clark and Clark, 1996). There is a realizable benefit in integrating GIS with MKIS because of its ability to provide map-based data presentation considered most effective for decision-makers (Ronald and Lawrence, 2004). 3. 2 GIS as a tool for Retail Location Decision: A dynamic and uncertain environment characterizes retailing and retail organizations as needing to plan for the complex consumer markets, while anticipating and reacting to competitions. This competitive nature of retail environment and the large number of techniques made use of by the retailers in locational planning, has led GIS to be used as an aid in strategic retail decision making and applications (Davies and Clark, 1994). GIS is used not just for location and catchments analysis but also for other retail sector issues such as category management, merchandising, marketing communications and relationship marketing (O’Malley, Patterson and Evans, 1997). Existing literature contains a practical framework and other important issues involved in retail network planning. GIS has contributed immensely in improving the efficiency and precision of retail planning and marketing. Since the 1960s methodologies used for retail outlet location research have become more sophisticated 13 as a result of modeling procedures brought about by GIS (Birkin, Clark and Clark, 2002). The US experience shows that the effective utilization of geospatial databases, and the development of decision support systems (DSS), is becoming a significant source of competitive advantage for retailers over those without. Some retailers further explore information opportunities afforded by GIS technology for their business practices. Rather than relying on customer information alone, they are now combining data from several sources simultaneously in a bid to better support their process of decision-making (Birkin, Clark and Clark, 2002). 3. 3 GIS Methodologies for Retail Location Studies: For analyzing the spatial structure of retail activities with location data at micro scale, a number of technologies are now widely available and utilized. These include application of methods such as Probability Density Function (PDF), Decision Support Systems (DSS), Spatial Interaction Models, Network Huff Model, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (Byrom, 2005), MATISSE (â€Å"Matching Algorithm, A Technique for Industrial Site Selection and Evaluation†), and RASTT (Retail Aggregate Space Time Trip Model) (Baker, 2003), and others. The Probability Density Function (PDF) of the retail stores is a function of how densities of the subject matters vary over specified dimension. If the specified dimension is time, the probability density function describes how such matter changes their frequencies and distribution over time. Alternatively, if the specified dimension is 14 locations (or space), the probability density function then describes how such matters vary in their spatial patterns. The PDF has been used to analyze the spatial structure of retailing (Sadahiro, 2001). Sadahiro tested the validity of this method by applying this method to the locational data of retail stores in Yokohama. This approach helps to measure the degree of agglomeration, spatial patterns, the relationship between the size and function of retail agglomerations and analyzes the spatial structure of retail agglomeration. Retailers for sales promotion activities and long-term strategic decision-making are increasingly developing GIS as DSS. GIS merges endogenous database by retailers and the exogenous databases sources to introduce retail decision- making and systems implementation (Nasirin and Birks, 2003). As an example, the examination of the experiences of some of the UK based retailers reflecting GIS implementation in retail location analysis shows a highly organized series of process management that has resulted as a result of this application. The Network Huff Model is formulated on a network with the shortest-path distance as an extension of the ordinary Huff (based on Euclidean distance) (Okabe and Okunuki, 2001). This computational method can be used for estimating the demand of retail stores on a street network in a GIS environment. Extending from the gravity model, the original and network Huff models use distances (Euclidean or shortest distance over a network) between retail outlets as inverse weights to estimate divisions of the entire market area into individual trade areas of the retail outlets. The benefits of 15 these models are the ability to meaningfully divide the studied space into a set of trade areas to support retail business operations. MATISSE is a knowledge-based decision support system (KBDSS) based on decision tables that can be used by industrial decision-makers and planners to assess the suitability of potential sites (Witlox, 2003). Witlox explains how a relational approach to the modeling of the site suitability concept can be implemented and tried to find all possible locations that meet the spatial production requirements based on the organizational characteristics of the firm. The growing interest of urban geographers and economic geographers in applying KBS, DSS and integrated system has been largely attributed to the development of computer systems. Computers are able to store, organize and process enormous amount of data as well as make possible the availability and accessibility of the domain-specific knowledge underlying the spatial problem. Witlox has identified three major categories of location factors at the highest level of decision-making. These three conditions are site conditions, investment and operating considerations and make up MATISSE’S head decision table. He points out that the experience with the construction of the system indicates that the developed procedure of knowledge in acquisition worked quite well, however, there are some problems with capturing of compensatory decision-making in terms of the decision table formalism. Nevertheless, the system is at a stage where it can be used in a straightforward manner.

The eNotes Blog Top Ten Classics Dissed Amazon Commenters FightBack!

Top Ten Classics Dissed Amazon Commenters FightBack! Recently, the blog Brain Pickings wrote a piece titled The Greatest Books of All Time, as Voted by 125 Famous Authors.   Well, apparently none of these famous authors consulted some of the people who had previously commented on their selections at Amazon.com. Here is a sampling of their.err. opinions. 1.   Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov I ended up throwing this book away after reading about 5 chapters..if you enjoy reading the pedophilic ramblings of a perv, go for it! Yuk! And Im a very open minded person but this book is just gross. 2.   The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald That book was the poorest excuse for literature I ever had the displeasure of reading. I did read it twice, but each time, I was disgusted with it. The characters in the story were worthless wastes of human flesh. Daisy was a ditz, Gatsby himself was a possessive stalker and everyone else didnt have enough brains to realize that they were all being used!! 3.   Ulysses by James Joyce ULYSSES is tiresome, tedious, and passe. The appeal of reading the mind wanderings of a pasty, weak pseudo-intellectual grows stale after the first dozen pages. For those enterprising readers such as myself who feel guilty dumping a Joyce work after only a chapter, read on. It gets worse. Confession: the genius mind-maze that is Joyce is sometimes just not worth exploring. One would have better luck escaping the Minotaur than successfully exiting this lingual labyrinth. 4.   To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf Someone needs to end the farce that Virginia Woolf is a good writer. Her work, to me, is neither thought-provoking nor well-written. I was really disappointed with this work and actually threw my copy into a box headed for Goodwill (not really good will to pass it on, but I had to get it out of my house)and I never give away books. Lets stop pretending folks . 5.   The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner The book starts nowhere, ends absolutely nowhere, and has little of interest in between. The characters are not interesting. They dont do anything interesting. Their thoughts, the main feature of the book, are not interesting. 6.   Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy Whomever claims this to be a great book needs their head examine or probably has been subjected to a lobotomy. This 900 page of rubbish is no more than a glorified, pompous, shallow soap opera nicely ensconced in a setting I would terrorize and throw rocks at with much enthusiasm. I gave it one star because it makes a much needed bookend on my shelf. Anything by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Toni Morrison, and even Raymond Chandler, trumps and surpasses this hail storm of snobbish prose. I propose a petition to burn all Anna Karenina novels from the face of the earth and implement a law of 10 years in prison if caught with this novel in your possession. There, I said it . 7.   Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert Every time I have to help a high-school student or college freshman slog through Madame Bovary, I find myself wondering why the assignment isnt a violation of the Geneva Convention. Im as dedicated a soldier as any in the war against illiteracy, but there is such a thing as an inappropriate and inhumane weapon. 8.   Moby Dick by Herman Melville I will tell you somethingYOU havent read Moby Dick either. Why else would you be considering buying it? Most people who have read Moby Dick are just happy to have been done with it. Im sure the majority of people who have read this classic novel/slapstick comedy indeed are overjoyed to have been at it and done with it. I bet they would never want to read even a long-winded review of it. So, there you are. Proof that you have not read Moby Dick, just as I have not read Moby Dick. Maybe you better just forget about Moby Dick entirely and just go have a nap. Maybe a cup of blended celery juice will fix you of the notion of reading Moby Dick. Come to think of it, maybe that would solve my bladder disease. 9.   Great Expectations by Charles Dickens BY FAR the worst book Ive ever had to read. I along with half of my class could read no more than one page of it without falling into a deep slumber. Im getting sleepy just thinking about it. Anyway, if someone does want to buy this book for some strange reason, I hope that they do not have Great Expectations for it, because they will be very disappointed at the end when their expectations arent fulfilled! 10.   Crime and Punishment by Fydor Dostoevsky Reading CP is like getting hit on the head with a sledgehammer, repeatedly. The author has a point to make; he makes it. Then, just in case you didnt get it, he makes it again. And again. And again. There, now did you get it? The entire book could be condensed into a short story and still effectively convey the same message. And on a more minor note, shouldnt *something* happy happen at least once in a novel? Shouldnt there be at least one scene in which a little birdie chirps a happy song from a pretty tree? Does *everyone* have to be spitting up their lungs into the gutter on a dark and gloomy day? Sheesh!!

Stem cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stem cell - Research Paper Example â€Å"Mouse embryonic stem cells treated in culture with a growth factor and then injected into the liver reverse a form of hemophilia in mice analogous to hemophilia B in humans, the new study shows.† (Stem Cells Treated with Growth Factor) Stem Cell Research- a clash of Science vs. Ethics, could well be a debate that might go on for generations as every individual has a different opinion about the subject. Should we allow doctors to play God and reverse our own destiny? Should we strive to provide cures that reverse the processes of injury and death? Or do we hold strong on our religious and moral aspects? These are the sorts of questions that have sparked the massive debate we have today. The purpose of our study, though, is not to argue about one particular stand point but to discuss both the view points and finally to allow readers to draw their own opinions and conclusions. In addition the process has been facilitated by providing an integrative review that details previ ous research, theories, explanations and answers and then counteracting them with questions and objections so that at the end of our research readers can make their own rationalistic conclusion. The Beginnings of Stem Cell Research Stem Cells, as defined by The National Institute of Health, are cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types within the body. Two facets make them incredibly important: Firstly, they can renew themselves during cell division and secondly, when grown under certain conditions, they can achieve specialized functions. These cells differentiate and form almost all the tissues of the body- skin, lung, brain, heart and muscle tissues among others. Stem cells can also be divided into two types: Embryonic stem cells and Adult stem cells which differ in both function and characteristics. According to the UK Stem Cell Foundation, stem cell work was first conducted in the early 1900’s with the discovery that white blood cells, red blood cel ls and platelets all arose from the same source. However, it was not until 1963 when Ernest A McCulloch and James E Till noted â€Å"the self-renewing activities of transplanted mouse bone-marrow cells† that confirmed such theories. Adult stem cells now play an integral role in chemo and radiation therapy as well as in other fields of biotechnology as they are grown and replicated in the lab. The discovery by James Thomson and his researchers from Madison University really helped to put Stem Cell Research on the map (Boyle, A., 2005). In 1998, for the first time ever, he isolated human embryonic stem cells from fertility clinics and then harvested them in the lab. This attempt along with the cloning of Dolly, the Sheep, two years earlier, caused a major ripple within the community. The Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Research Pros Stem cell research has paved the way for scientists to decipher â€Å"how we are made or formed and try to reverse problems† (Richard Hamilton, n .d). It has been described as having â€Å"limitless potential† (McLaughlin, 2009) by many as it can aid in finding cures for diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Stroke, Heart Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Diabetes, and hundreds of rare systemic immune disorders (Drlica,1997, p279) 1998). . There have been a number of researchers confirming the clinical application of stem cells. Stojanoski et al (2009), stated that stem cells taken from the peripheral

BPA fetal exposures affect male and female development and quality of Research Paper

BPA fetal exposures affect male and female development and quality of life as adults - Research Paper Example In essence, early exposure to BPA, as well as other chemicals, especially in the foetal stage signifies an increase in the risk of disease later in life. This paper will examine the impact of BPA in adults following foetal exposure. Health Concerns Some of the risks involved with foetal exposure to BPA include increased risk for prostate cancer in adult men and breast cancer in both women (Okada et al 32). In addition, foetal exposure to BPA results in adverse metabolic changes, early onset of puberty and decreased fertility. Furthermore, immunological changes are also a major consequence of foetal exposure to BPA (Rubin 30). Whenever foetal exposure to BPA occurs, the chemical infiltrates the body in an active fashion. BPA binds to the body’s oestrogen receptors replicating the functions of oestrogen. Furthermore, in both male and female adults, BPA causes adverse reproductive effects, particularly in populations exposed to BPA due to their occupations. During the initial 11 weeks of gestation, which is a time when most pregnant women are unaware of their pregnancy, the internal communication systems, and organs of the foetus develop quite rapidly, thus are extremely sensitive to external pressures. Organs such as the brain and mammary glands develop during gestation, thus experience a prolonged period of vulnerability to the effects of BPA, especially since foetal development of such organs is susceptible to oestrogen fluctuations. Additionally, in certain instances, BPA has been shown to cause obesity. When BPA binds to oestrogen receptors in the human body, it causes alternative estrogenic effects, which start outside the nucleus. The alternate path caused by BPA ultimately alters lipid and glucose metabolism, resulting in weight gain (Rubin 31). This is primarily since the alternative oestrogen receptors trigger pathways that result from exposure to BPA to rework the functions of vital components that play a significant role in metabolism, for insta nce, adiposities and pancreatic B cells. In a recent study, it was confirmed that foetal exposure to BPA has the capacity to potentiate the systems inherent in the central dopaminergy. This is bound to result in marked super sensitivity to the drugs linked to abuse-induced reward implications. In essence, by affecting mesolimbic dopamine activity, BPA causes adverse effects such as attention deficits, hypersensitivity and an increased sensitivity to drugs linked to abuse. Furthermore, BPA is also known to bind to receptors of the thyroid hormone, and possibly cause certain side effects on its functions. For instance, BPA impacts triiodothyronine in adults following exposure to the chemical during the prenatal development phase (Rubin 33). Researchers now consider that there are actually two ways through which BPA interrupts the regular endocrine function (Okada et al 32). The compound can perform as a weak estrogen, which binds to the estrogen receptor. It also can, on the other han d, impede the impact of stronger natural estrogens, restraining estrogen function. They are usually considered performing in the cell nucleus via the estrogen receptors, which control gene expression. Many other ways of BPA action are considered to be related to its biological

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Essay Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world; these latter effects are currently causing global warming, and climate change is often used to describe human-specific impacts. Causes of climate change Natural causes Continental drift You may have noticed something peculiar about South America and Africa on a map of the world dont they seem to fit into each other like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle? About 200 million years ago they were joined together! Scientists believe that back then, the earth was not as we see it today, but the continents were all part of one large landmass. Proof of this comes from the similarity between plant and animal fossils and broad belts of rocks found on the eastern coastline of South America and western coastline of Africa, which are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery of fossils of tropical plants (in the form of coal deposits) in Antarctica has led to the conclusion that this frozen land at some time in the past, must have been situated closer to the equator, where the climate was tropical, with swamps and plenty of lush vegetation. The continents that we are familiar with today were formed when the landmass began gradually drifting apart, millions of years back. This drift also had an impact on the climate because it changed the physical features of the landmass, their position and the position of water bodies. The separation of the landmasses changed the flow of ocean currents and winds, which affected the climate. This drift of the continents continues even today; the Himalayan range is rising by about 1 mm (millimeter) every year because the Indian land mass is moving towards the Asian land mass, slowly but steadily. Volcanoes When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2), water vapor, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Although the volcanic activity may last only a few days, yet the large volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years. Millions of tons of sulphur dioxide gas can reach the upper levels of the atmosphere (called the stratosphere) from a major eruption. The gases and dust particles partially block the incoming rays of the sun, leading to cooling. Sulphur dioxide combines with water to form tiny droplets of sulphuric acid. These droplets are so small that many of them can stay aloft for several years. The earths tilt The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5 ° to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path. For one half of the year when it is summer, the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun. In the other half when it is winter, the earth is tilted away from the sun. If there was no tilt we would not have experienced seasons. Changes in the tilt of the earth can affect the severity of the seasons more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. The Earths orbit is somewhat elliptical, which means that the distance between the earth and the Sun varies over the course of a year. We usually think of the earths axis as being fixed, after all, it always seems to point toward Polaris (also known as the Pole Star and the North Star). Actually, it is not quite constant: the axis does move, at the rate of a little more than a half-degree each century. So Polaris has not always been, and will not always be, the star pointing to the North. When the pyramids were built, around 2500 BC, the pole was near the star Thuban (Alpha Draconis). This gradual change in the direction of the earths axis, called precession is responsible for changes in the climate. Ocean currents The oceans are a major component of the climate system. They cover about 71% of the Earth and absorb about twice as much of the suns radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface. Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the planet roughly the same amount as the atmosphere does. But the oceans are surrounded by land masses, so heat transport through the water is through channels. Ocean currents have been known to change direction or slow down. Much of the heat that escapes from the oceans is in the form of water vapour, the most abundant greenhouse gas on Earth. Yet, water vapor also contributes to the formation of clouds, which shade the surface and have a net cooling effect. Any or all of these phenomena can have an impact on the climate, as is believed to have happened at the end of the last Ice Age, about 14,000 years ago. Human causes Greenhouse gases and their sources Carbon dioxide is undoubtedly, the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Changes in land use pattern, deforestation, land clearing, agriculture, and other activities have all led to a rise in the emission of carbon dioxide. Methane is another important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. About  ¼ of all methane emissions are said to come from domesticated animals such as dairy cows, goats, pigs, buffaloes, camels, horses, and sheep. These animals produce methane during the cud-chewing process Methane is also emitted from landfills and other waste dumps. If the waste is put into an incinerator or burnt in the open, carbon dioxide is emitted. Methane is also emitted during the process of oil drilling, coal mining and also from leaking gas pipelines (due to accidents and poor maintenance of sites). A large amount of nitrous oxide emission has been attributed to fertilizer application. This in turn depends on the type of fertilizer that is used, how and when it is used and the methods of tilling that are followed. Contributions are also made by leguminous plants, such as beans and pulses that add nitrogen to the soil. How we all contribute every day All of us in our daily lives contribute our bit to this change in the climate. Give these points a good, serious thought: Electricity is the main source of power in urban areas. All our gadgets run on electricity generated mainly from thermal power plants. These thermal power plants are run on fossil fuels (mostly coal) and are responsible for the emission of huge amounts of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Cars, buses, and trucks are the principal ways by which goods and people are transported in most of our cities. These are run mainly on petrol or diesel, both fossil fuels. We generate large quantities of waste in the form of plastics that remain in the environment for many years and cause damage. We use a huge quantity of paper in our work at schools and in offices. Have we ever thought about the number of trees that we use in a day? Timber is used in large quantities for construction of houses, which means that large areas of forest have to be cut down. A growing population has meant more and more mouths to feed. Because the land area available for agriculture is limited (and in fact, is actually shrinking as a result of ecological degradation!), high-yielding varieties of crop are being grown to increase the agricultural output from a given area of land. However, such high-yielding varieties of crops require large quantities of fertilizers; and more fertilizer means more emissions of nitrous oxide, both from the field into which it is put and the fertilizer industry that makes it. Pollution also results from the run-off of fertilizer into water bodies. Effects of Climate Change Today Over 100 years ago, people worldwide began burning more coal and oil for homes, factories, and transportation. Burning these fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These added greenhouses gases have caused Earth to warm more quickly than it has in the past. Sea level is rising. During the 20th century, sea level rose about 15 cm (6 inches) due to melting glacier ice and expansion of warmer seawater. Models predict that sea level may rise as much as 59 cm (23 inches) during the 21st Century, threatening coastal communities, wetlands, and coral reefs. Arctic sea ice is melting. The summer thickness of sea ice is about half of what it was in 1950. Melting ice may lead to changes in ocean circulation. Plus melting sea ice is speeding up warming in the Arctic. Glaciers and permafrost are melting. Over the past 100 years, mountain glaciers in all areas of the world have decreased in size and so has the amount of permafrost in the Arctic. Greenlands ice sheet is melting faster too. Sea-surface temperatures are warming. Warmer waters in the shallow oceans have contributed to the death of about a quarter of the worlds coral reefs in the last few decades. Many of the coral animals died after weakened by bleaching, a process tied to warmed waters. The temperatures of large lakes are warming. The temperatures of large lakes world-wide have risen dramatically. Temperature rises have increased algal blooms in lakes, favor invasive species, increase stratification in lakes and lower lake levels. Heavier rainfall cause flooding in many regions. Warmer temperatures have led to more intense rainfall events in some areas. This can cause flooding. Extreme drought is increasing. Higher temperatures cause a higher rate of evaporation and more drought in some areas of the world. Crops are withering. Increased temperatures and extreme drought are causing a decline in crop productivity around the world. Decreased crop productivity can mean food shortages which have many social implications. Ecosystems are changing. As temperatures warm, species may either move to a cooler habitat or die. Species that are particularly vulnerable include endangered species, coral reefs, and polar animals. Warming has also caused changes in the timing of spring events and the length of the growing season. Hurricanes have changed in frequency and strength. There is evidence that the number of intense hurricanes has increased in the Atlantic since 1970. Scientists continue to study whether climate is the cause. More frequent heat waves. It is likely that heat waves have become more common in more areas of the world. Warmer temperatures affect human health. There have been more deaths due to heat waves and more allergy attacks as the pollen season grows longer. There have also been some changes in the ranges of animals that carry disease like mosquitoes. Seawater is becoming more acidic. Carbon dioxide dissolving into the oceans, is making seawater more acidic. There could be impacts on coral reefs and other marine life.

What is Truth - Comparison of Plato and Peirces Philosophy :: essays research papers

What is Truth?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For thousands of years, mankind has persistently pursued truth, knowledge, and understanding. For most, this pursuit is a driving force which usually doesn’t end until one finds a â€Å"truth† that is satisfying to him or her. Even then, however, one may choose to look for an alternate truth that may be even more satisfying to them. This pursuit does not always follow the same path for everyone as there are different ideas as to how truth is actually obtained and which is the best way to obtain it. Two individuals and great philosophers of their time, Plato and Charles Peirce, each had their own ideas on how truth and knowledge could be obtained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main differences between Plato’s and Peirce’s philosophies regarding truth is that Plato believed truth is founded in knowledge while Peirce believed knowledge could never be obtained. Plato believed that everyone possesses knowledge and the realization of this knowledge could be achieved through recollection. This was demonstrated in Plato’s Meno when Socrates presented the â€Å"square of double size† question to the slave boy. Socrates did not teach the slave boy how to get the answer, he merely asked the boy a series of questions and the boy came to the right answer through recollection. In this way, the boy already possessed the knowledge to answer the question correctly. With this philosophy, truth is past-oriented. Past experiences and universal knowledge is the key to truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato also had the philosophy of dyadic intuitionism. Intuition, Plato believed, is the basis of knowledge. Logical progressions need not be made to determine relationships and discover truth. Plato was closer to the side of the â€Å"Realm of Being† as opposed to the â€Å"Realm of Becoming†. The ‘Realm of Being† is eternal, involves recollection and acquisition of knowledge, and consists of a more optimistic view of truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peirce, on the other hand, believed that true knowledge could never be obtained. He believed that truth was future oriented. Peirce’s preferred method of pursuing truth was the scientific method. This method consists of forming a hypothesis and trying to disprove the hypothesis through practical evidence. Although Peirce thought the scientific method was the best approach to search for truth, he believed that it could only be used to disprove a hypothesis, and that nothing could be proven for certain. It is through this idea that his belief that knowledge can never be obtained is founded.

Duty vs. Desire

The road to self-actualization is one filled with forks. One must constantly make decisions that affect character and one’s ultimate destination in life. Some travel this road very consciously, making informed and well thought out decisions that they hope will lead them in the right direction. Others live haphazardly, not taking into account the possible consequences of poor decisions. Often times one of the most major forks is a decision between moral obligation and private passion.Pressing matters of family or work may call one to put personal aspirations on hold for the sake of the whole. But does one necessitate abandonment of the other? Which way will lead to a happier life? Tom Wingfield, the disillusioned narrator of Tennessee Williams’ Depression-era play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie,† must battle through this specific plight. He struggles to find the answer to the question of when desire overrides duty. All humans are blessed with a plethora of gifts, but all have one in common: life.This being said, there is one common humanistic duty: the obligation to live that life in the most satisfying manner in the hopes of reaching fulfillment. However, the individual decides which manner is most pleasing to himself or herself, and one person’s idea of a life well lived is wholly different from another’s. This fact should not be disdained, but embraced. Diversity is what allows for unique and inspirational perspectives that can create new ideas and changes in society and culture.Nevertheless, there are those that do not share this view, which leads to an all-too-common clash of wishes – between parents and children, subordinates and superiors, students and elders, etc. Tom Wingfield conflicts with his mother, Amanda, in this way. Her only wish is that her children, Tom and Laura, fulfill the classic American Dream of hard work and success. However, Tom has dreams of being a writer, and Laura is too painfully shy to even l eave the house. Clearly there will be at least one person displeased at the end of the day.The Wingfields live lives of short fuses hidden under good intentions – Tom and Laura do not wish to disregard their mother entirely, but they have their own wishes that she does not respect. There are daily battles over who has the right to decide the lives of the family. Tom rightfully uncovers the truth that in order to achieve true happiness in self-actualization, one must choose the paths one takes alone. As stated above, some people truly put thought into their decisions, while others do not.This done not imply that the thought-out choice is the superior one. One can reflect upon an important decision for weeks, months, or years, and still make the wrong choice. If this is true, how is one supposed to make the proper choice? How does one settle on the fork leading to the happier life? The answer is blunt and cruel. Sometimes there is no â€Å"happier life. † Many situations present themselves with no clear better choice. Tom debates his ever-growing desire to desert Amanda and Laura and live the life he feels he would enjoy infinitely more.He convinces himself that this would be his happier life, and does leave in the end, but not without some unwanted baggage. Wherever he goes, he is haunted by guilt of leaving Laura behind. It is evident that even when one does all the right things, when one takes into account outcome and consequences, and still makes the decision alone, it is very possible that there is no silver lining. One must simply do one’s best to make the decisions one feels good about and live with them.

Micro Economics - Analysis on the Behavior and Performance of Firms - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1904 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Micro economics Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Micro Economics Analysis on the Behavior and Performance of Firms" essay for you Create order QUESTION ONE Perfect Competition: Perfect competition is a market place or structure where many companies offer a similar product. As there is free choice of entry and exit and perfect information. Therefore companies will make normal profits and prices will be kept low by pressure of the competition in the market. All companies even the new trader are expected to have equal entree to resources and developments in production technologies achieved by any other company. Features: Number of firms: Number of firms, with perfect competition increasing in the boundary as there can be infinity number of companies in one market selling the similar product. Product Differentiation: Product differentiation is the method of dissimilar a product or service from others to make it more unique and attractive to a target market. As this occurs because buyers notice a difference between products. However as the product becomes more different, which changes the category of each product and putting them into a category will become more difficult, and the product attracts less comparisons with its competition. Control over price As there is acompetition in the market, and each individual has strong assumptions and expectations. Many individual buyers, therefore there is a slight or none control over the price or quantity. Extent of market information There are no barriers to exit for the companies. Companies are free exit the market at their freedom of choice. Freedom of entry: As there is freedom of entry and perfect information, there are no barriers to entry for firms. Firms are free to enter the market at their choice. QUESTION TWO Short Run Long Run QUESTION THREE Monopoly In a monopoly Competitive markets each firm makes their own decisions about the price and output, based on their own product, its market, and itscosts of manufacture.Monopoly competitive is a place where an individual owns all or most of the market for their own individual product or services. Less competition in the market will always result in high price and inferior products. Features Number of firms In monopoly there is only one firm in the market, which has the high market power. Product Differentiation In a monopolistically competitive market there is a significant amount of non-pricecompetition. As a result product differentiation is key for any monopolistically competitive firm, it is a process of unique product or service from others to make it more attractive to a target market. Differentiation happens because consumersnotice a difference. Control over price As a there is only one company in the Market, it means the company has full control over the market, also has own terms and condition. As the company is branded by many firms selling products that are not identical, therefore the company can choose its own price to sell that product. Extent of market information There are barriers to when exiting a monopoly market. As if government believes that the product provided by the monopoly is important for well-being of the public, then the monopoly will not be allowed to leave the market for example Healthcare products. This barrier to exit is always or mostly applied to publicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ everyday services or benefits, such as electricity companies, local telephone companies and etc. These are mostlyconsiderednecessary services that cannot be stopped without permission from a government regulation authority. Freedom of Entry As a monopoly is normally certain of being the only firm in a market because of various barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are: government license or franchise, resource ownership patents and copyrights high start-up cost QUESTION FOUR Short Run Long Run QUESTION FIVE Market Power In economic science and significantly in industrial organization, market power is that the ability of a firm to fruitfully raise the value of a decent or service over cost. In utterly competitive markets, market participants dont have any market power. Barriers to entry Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from coming into a market productively. They request to shield the monopoly power of existing corporations in associate business and so maintain supernormal (monopoly) profits within the end of the day. Barriers to entry have the impact of creating a market less debatable Product differentiation Product differentiation is that the method of identifying a product or service from others to create it a lot of engaging to a target market. Price Discrimination A monopolize is also ready to interact in a very policy of value discrimination. This happens once a firm charges totally different or special value to different teams of shoppers for a uniform sensible or service, for reasons not related to the prices of production. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s necessary to worry that charging totally different costs for similar merchandise isnt value discrimination. As an example, value discrimination doesnt occur once a rail company charges a better value for a primary category seat. As a result of the value premium over an inferior seat can be explained by variations within the price of providing the service. QUESTION SIX Monopolistic Competition The model of noncompetitive competition describes a standard market structure within which corporations have several competitors, however all sells a rather totally different product Features Numbers of firms There square measure giant numbers of companies commercialism closely connected, however not consistent merchandise. Every firm acts severally and includes a restricted share of the market. So, a private firm has restricted management over the market value. Sizable amount of companies ends up in competition within the market. Product Differentiation Each firm is in an exceedingly position to exercise some extent of monopoly (in spite of enormous range of sellers) through product differentiation. Product differentiation refers to differentiating the product on the idea of name, size, colour, shape, etc. the merchandise of a firm is shut, however not good substitute of different firm. Control Over Price A firm underneath noncompetitive competition is neither a price- taker nor a price-maker. However, by manufacturing a singular product or establishing a selected name, every firm has partial management over the worth. The extent of power to manage worth depends upon however powerfully the patronsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ area unit hooked up to his whole. Extent of market information Buyers and sellers dont have good data concerning the market conditions. Merchandising prices produce artificial superiority within the minds of the shoppers and it becomes terribly troublesome for a shopper to judge totally different product on the market within the market. As a result, a specific product (although extremely priced) is most well-liked by the shoppers although different less priced product square measure of same quality Freedom of Entry Under noncompetitive competition, companies area unit liberal to enter into or exit from the trade at any time they want. It ensures that there are a unit neither abnormal profits nor any abnormal losses to a firm within the end of the day. However, it should be noted that entry beneath noncompetitive competition isnt as simple and free as beneath excellent competition. QUESTION SEVEN Short Run Long Run QUESTION EIGHT Oligopoly In the market place an Oligopoly has a market structure eith few companies, however those few companies are leading companies in this market structure. This is extremely focused when market is shared with leading companies. Also small firms will try to operate in the same market. Although only a few firms dominate, it is possible that many small firms may also operate in the market. Features: Number of firms In Oligopoly there are few but leading companies in the market. Product Differentiation In this market structure similarproducts are producedwith a few manufacture in the industry. However each manufacture attempts to make slightly different product in order to charge higher price to its consumers. . Control over Price In the market Oligopolistsare price focused and there are many leading companies, so they will use predatory pricing to force rivals out of the market. Which means keeping theirprices artificially low, this can be below the full cost of production. Extent of Market Information As this is market structure is dominated by small number of large firm, as these firms are quite large in size compared to overall size of the market. This creates significant market control, therefore extent of market control is depending on the number and size of the firms. Freedom to entry Oligopolies often maintain their placeof control in a marke, this might be because it is too expensive and also it is hard for possiblecompetitors to enter the market. Therefore there are barriers to entry in an Oligopoly which can stiff them purposely. Æ’Ëœ Economies of large scale production Æ’Ëœ High set-up costs Æ’Ëœ High RD costs Q9. Explain the behaviour of oligopoly in terms of market structure Price to explain stuck other . if one company change their way of selling their products , then it also effect the working of other similar company . Price leadership : in price leadership price of the product is decided by the then alternatively ,the other comparative company have decreased to sell their products. Kinked demand curve model: the kinked demand curve theory is an economic theory regarding oligopoly and monopolistic competition when it was created the idea fundamentally challenged classical economic tenets such as efficient markets and rapidly changing prices ideas that underlie basic supply and demand models. Kinked demand was an initial attempt to explain sticky price Behaviour. Advertising : Yes the company advertise to convince the customer so that they will buy their product. they spend allot of money on advertising. Output: there is competition between the countries if we take the example of OPEC like, in Arab country they sell mortal oil and the world price of oil will remain same. Product Differentation: There is great product differentiation in oligopoly Q11. Using as an example of New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) evaluate and describe how government regulation restrict the market power of firms. A response was required, and in 1993 the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) was created to actively manage Government disbursal on medicines. PHARMACà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S objective was to introduce price battle to a market wherever it had not antecedent existed. Pharmacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role was, in effect, to urge higher price for medicines so the most effective health outcomes may well be achieved from public cash pay on medicines. From Pharmacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creation, there was potential for value reductions through the introduction of price battle between pharmaceutical corporations. Reference evaluation, a policy wherever grant levels for medication with similar effects are set at an equivalent level, was a big strategy in achieving lower costs. All of those mechanisms facilitate cut back the number we have a tendency to pay money for medicines, generating savings that are ready to be accustomed subsidise a lot of merchandise à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" increasing New Zealandersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ access to medicines. Pharmacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s getting power has tripled since 1993. This implies that we are able to currently subsidise concerning 3 times the number of medicines that would be brought with equivalent cash in 1993. Q12 Ans . In this graph average total cost increased quickly with the increase of quantity and then it started decreasing . Fixed cost remain fixed whether the output increased or decreased. marginal cost and variable cost it increased slowly with the increase of output. And last total cost has rapidly increased with the increase of quantity. Q13. In this graph average cost of products decreased with the increase in the production as the cost of per product was $12 when the production was 1000. But when the production increased from 1000 to 200000 the price declined to $6 per unit.